The effectiveness of game-based learning is deeply rooted in psychology. Core elements such as challenge, autonomy, feedback, and narrative align closely with self-determination theory, which emphasizes competence, autonomy, and relatedness as drivers of motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2024). Games provide immediate feedback loops that support learning through trial and error, helping learners build resilience and persistence. Studies show that when learners perceive challenges as achievable and meaningful, engagement and learning outcomes increase significantly (Nasr et al., 2025).
However, these same psychological mechanisms can also contribute to failure if misapplied. Excessive difficulty, unclear goals, or extrinsic reward dependence can lead to disengagement, anxiety, or surface learning (Deterding, 2023). Overreliance on game mechanics without reflection may also reduce critical thinking, especially if learners focus more on winning than understanding. Research increasingly highlights the importance of reflection, debriefing, and scaffolding to ensure that cognitive and emotional engagement translates into durable learning (Ryan & Deci, 2024). Successful gamification, therefore, depends not on games alone, but on thoughtful integration into broader learning ecosystems.
References
Deterding, S. (2023). Gamification beyond points and badges: Rethinking motivational design. Interactions, 30(2), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571730
Nasr, N. R., Tu, C. H., Werner, J., Bauer, T., Yen, C. J., & Sujo-Montes, L. (2025). Passive AI-directed use or human–AI supported collaboration in game-based learning. Education Sciences, 15(9), 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15091198
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2024). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
.jpg)